The governance of companies and factories are extremely complex. Factories use a huge number of machines with its components, electric motors, gears, chains, with each of the elements applied to different processes. The human factor adds a further degree of difficulty. Humans are involved in everything, from their interaction with machines to decision-making at higher levels of companies.
While machines and components suffer deterioration and breakdowns, humans suffer illnesses, fatigue, and have different abilities among themselves.
With the emergence of Industry 4.0 and its technologies: Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Big Data, Digital and Hybrid Twins, etc., a significant improvement in factory governance is expected in which data will become a lens through which Industry 4.0 can be constructed. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is one of the most relevant enabling technologies of the Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and consists of the application of the IoT in the industry.
Evolution of IoT and IIoT in Scientific Research
At scientific level, significant improvements to IoT and IIoT have been researched and proposed. In Safdar el Al. (2025), the evolution of IoT to IoH (Internet of Humans) was proposed. IoH is an evolution of IoT that directly connects human bodies to the internet through wearable, ingestible, or implanted devices, collecting biometric data and potentially altering bodily functions. IoT and IoH was merged and generalized to the concept of IoE (Internet of Everything) that connects devices (Things) and Humans to construct a network of People, Processes, Data, and Things, creating a holistic, intelligent ecosystem for enhanced value, efficiency, and experiences, Hussain (2017).
Form the Industrial point of view, the concept of IIoT has not evolved towards IIoH or IIoE, mainly because the limitations of IIoT has nowadays in the industry. When the industry or the responsible managers have to decide whether to install IIoT applications in their company on a massive level, they are often discouraged by several factors, and these are as follows:
- Energy efficiency: since most IIoT devices are powered by batteries.
- Interoperability: since connecting so many devices is usually a serious challenge for the IIoT.
- Safety: since information and privacy are vital at the corporate level.
- Scalability: since the massification of IIoT solutions implies the use of a huge number of devices connected to each other in hierarchical subdomains.
- Maintenance and updates: since system operators will not only have to manage the original system but also all the new ones, and therefore, many engineers will have to be trained for this.
- IT/OT integration: IIoT systems require the convergence of OT and IT for the integration of data from both parties.
Recently, a new concept has emerged from the scientific research to the development of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications, the Industrializable Industrial Internet of Things (I3oT), Peinado et Al. (2025). As a criterion for the design of industrial applications, the I3oT imposes the exclusive use of pre-installed elements in the company such as PLCs, sensors, IT/OT networks, etc., trying to minimize the impact on the factories and guaranteeing a cheap and assumable scalability for companies, something that cannot be implemented with the vast majority of IIoT applications available in the market.
PROGNOTEK Lemma: I3oE (Industrializable Industrial Internet of Everything)
The Prognotek lemma can be summarized in the introduction of the concept of I3oE (Industrializable Industrial Internet of Everything). Therefore:
” The solutions proposed by Prognotek imposes the exclusive use of pre-installed elements in the company for the prognostication of machines and humans abnormal behaviour offering a complete solution for monitoring all company assets.”
Bibliography:
Ali Safdar, G., Bahja, M., Mujahid, M. Internet of Things to Internet of Humans: A Perception. Human-Centric Intelligent Systems 5:259–268, 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44230-025-00100-x
Hussain, F. Internet of Everything. In: Internet of Things. Springer Briefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Springer, Cham. 2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55405-1_1
Peinado-Asensi, I., Montés, N., Ibañez, D., Garcia, E. Industrializable industrial internet of things (I3oT) for a massive implementation of industry 4.0 applications: a press shop case example. International Journal of Production Research, 63 (12), 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2025.2453107